; n* x+ O& [3 V; M5 {% \每一个表达式都包含需要查找的指令,如表A所示。1 ^( Q1 P% v$ q2 p+ C5 b- ~' D v
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Table A: Character-matching regular expressions3 F, x+ n) {: [/ u6 D' z5 ~+ N3 O. A
格式说明: ( D+ {+ V/ k$ P1 V% ?; G--------------- * ]# b' t. H$ d) C2 g7 W/ Y操作:( {" k3 b! M U6 t
解释:, L4 O$ v, B- f( L% z
例子: 6 ^0 ~# ?0 E, @1 E结果: * e9 [4 N* M: I9 [---------------- , D+ k" J8 R$ i8 y D. P. , J/ c! E v0 T! x9 pMatch any one character$ R2 \! Y% o, h4 l$ K/ F
grep .ord sample.txt 6 d' c9 |4 F n1 D, J! E1 BWill match “ford”, “lord”, “2ord”, etc. in the file sample.txt.2 p0 C$ G6 |$ j4 m i
----------------- 4 A$ C6 X( q- ~# A4 M( K' x[ ] " ^5 m/ h+ m2 J% U7 XMatch any one character listed between the brackets% u; [. i S4 X
grep [cng]ord sample.txt0 a7 A$ B! {. a! a8 N( s1 \* B+ J
Will match only “cord”, “nord”, and “gord”" V" p$ X) j/ t* m
--------------------- $ S9 U; [- L, |5 i% @1 g
[^ ], C5 N! L) H) l! A) b( m* O
Match any one character not listed between the brackets * \: Y) V3 m' `$ \+ B, K/ k0 { , D' M: u( Y+ ]4 `. ~7 U4 S5 xgrep [^cn]ord sample.txt ( D1 V2 b- o7 q: ~Will match “lord”, “2ord”, etc. but not “cord” or “nord” - H1 y& s5 O- {- Q: b% W% s9 F* O3 P& T$ }
grep [a-zA-Z]ord sample.txt 3 c' ^1 F) \: a# c/ a) H7 G4 fWill match “aord”, “bord”, “Aord”, “Bord”, etc. . C2 n0 ~! x8 b6 q- X4 e; y5 K+ ?$ C+ P% H8 b5 b5 ^) g2 U& F
grep [^0-9]ord sample.txt + }1 K. w$ Z1 q! `Will match “Aord”, “aord”, etc. but not “2ord”, etc. " [, J/ x) g: f- O* N0 Y* h" R2 v1 g! q) s9 L5 m5 j4 {
重复操作符 8 x' z& V* |) J2 n* h2 L重复操作符,或数量词,都描述了查找一个特定字符的次数。它们常被用于字符匹配语法以查找多行的字符,可参见表B。 2 F1 A+ w& Z. ~! s9 Y 5 H1 d, Y {# \7 W) }9 fTable B: Regular expression repetition operators . w8 h, q5 s' U$ ^" } j4 z, m格式说明: e8 n# h2 I& ^5 v. M4 [
--------------- 5 B& x8 @3 a5 w
操作:8 S5 r3 ?6 z7 |# K4 h; U0 \) h- l
解释: 7 N: j0 K/ ]. K# V$ Z. f+ T例子: Q4 c$ u t1 w B; c7 H8 F结果:! @1 n- ^9 `) M; p& H* c: N' g
----------------) a; ]$ \" P2 x; o/ A- b
?: |& ^, y2 n; ^, p9 T& X
Match any character one time, if it exists 4 @6 s6 V$ @ g, W4 l; _egrep “?erd” sample.txt! m. @, s5 y M
Will match “berd”, “herd”, etc. and “erd” / Z$ U6 [5 n: k( \------------------ 3 S' O3 i# l8 k! O
*4 `7 T& K) x0 K$ f) {$ e
Match declared element multiple times, if it exists ! F+ U; g; l; r7 yegrep “n.*rd” sample.txt& @$ J2 m! Y w! e, q1 t
Will match “nerd”, “nrd”, “neard”, etc. 0 X' E9 v, z8 A9 M' c8 @+ H% C! @4 B------------------- / v# b1 u: B' R g$ d7 ]8 T- C, l+ 5 f8 \ t6 r1 `& v* t1 ?, C* @Match declared element one or more times( U7 T" }( ~) s T
egrep “[n]+erd” sample.txt3 }6 B' q, ?8 k
Will match “nerd”, “nnerd”, etc., but not “erd” e. k {* x) U-------------------- " p* \( r5 `# b$ {, @
{n}" B* H- r: V9 m2 ]
Match declared element exactly n times4 A" M* s, W% j7 C$ Z7 w: B+ M; p
egrep “[a-z]{2}erd” sample.txt $ _- c/ V2 W4 I- q I. F0 XWill match “cherd”, “blerd”, etc. but not “nerd”, “erd”, “buzzerd”, etc.- g& u5 S; B, _& m( C/ d6 s
------------------------ 9 [* U$ w- u7 p9 F7 |# s, x
{n,} 2 ]# z7 D7 w2 z5 h' g2 i0 M9 _2 ZMatch declared element at least n times ) e Q! {0 ?+ |/ Y- W% yegrep “.{2,}erd” sample.txt( y$ o3 s% N" y
Will match “cherd” and “buzzerd”, but not “nerd”8 A* a. m" J8 l9 f
------------------------ 1 r4 C8 }2 c7 h
{n,N} 9 g/ Y/ C! }# v0 z) U) |% ZMatch declared element at least n times, but not more than N times" Y: s! r$ l; b, n; B: o. \3 V6 g
egrep “n[e]{1,2}rd” sample.txt2 S! e4 N* C; N. U% G) i$ ?
Will match “nerd” and “neerd” # [+ f* [; E0 e( ?5 u# O
) X" f3 o, E# g9 W2 }5 E4 v第三部分:5 G/ d$ ] p, Z( s+ s& @* K
---------------- 9 ]* N. ?& J* n: h锚8 k0 Z0 B4 I$ @5 p
锚是指它所要匹配的格式,如图C所示。使用它能方便你查找通用字符的合并。例如,我用vi行编辑器命令:s来代表substitute,这一命令的基本语法是:: ]2 L( X% i3 Z/ B- T
' l; s. \* J& x$ c
s/pattern_to_match/pattern_to_substitute/! |' I+ ^+ {3 Y! |9 T
' ^: E' R. C! | D , ?( a8 H* L4 Z( D6 [Table C: Regular expression anchors % \+ T* @. w$ U6 E/ P-------------( s* s& a) Y' X, i9 z/ o6 d* M0 m7 \
操作& L* L& T) I G4 g9 z- V* d
解释" F. I8 N! w) Z
例子 3 J2 a3 c. ~ P( T# v结果 * Q$ q' o8 {' T--------------- 8 X4 ~# k7 d; w3 a4 |! S; y1 h
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Match at the beginning of a line " w! H# C O; N# Ws/^/blah /* }' P4 I- A! i3 M/ X$ ~, o" \: c
Inserts “blah “ at the beginning of the line( Y" j4 t, n& V
--------------- 1 B8 O/ \7 ?9 C G
$2 }4 Y1 M4 N7 |) K w
Match at the end of a line 1 O' M% V. m6 `8 o: H# ls/$/ blah/ 7 z, {3 Q- F' I. MInserts “ blah” at the end of the line . `. ~7 P8 B4 p3 Z--------------- 5 @1 S7 R2 c w
\< ! s5 |& ]% h e; GMatch at the beginning of a word 1 X- g) M; |/ T* ?7 ?! x3 ks/\Inserts “blah” at the beginning of the word 5 \' Y" `1 ^* l, P5 u; Z' R, d5 _1 e' j) \/ _! k
egrep “\Matches “blahfield”, etc.* \ x1 N9 w: l* l2 O
------------------ # n. Q! ?, Y: v7 M1 l2 C5 H\>* C" u' N1 T$ b8 h
Match at the end of a word ' F; P& I2 z, a6 w( ]+ bs/\>/blah/* u+ Y- C$ v- h" D- k! R9 c
Inserts “blah” at the end of the word0 u" V- b9 Q6 V0 i' Z2 d! b
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egrep “\>blah” sample.txt. c% ?* r- Z; t6 G3 X
Matches “soupblah”, etc. ! w0 D' T5 k; R---------------* E5 _8 K$ I$ h3 L
\b + p8 T4 d6 V5 x0 n# Y7 UMatch at the beginning or end of a word 8 D c) T" \$ x- v# { {. megrep “\bblah” sample.txt4 d+ S }. r8 J& d1 i2 H
Matches “blahcake” and “countblah” $ Y) @7 J8 n4 j----------------- " Q. p3 V. @! ~* _\B# d% l* P" q& \; u
Match in the middle of a word 8 ]# z+ T0 W6 T3 m; G' p regrep “\Bblah” sample.txt( z6 F7 W' w/ Y4 F1 c/ N5 C
Matches “sublahper”, etc.1 {; ~1 F: f* _" T# h. l% D' w
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间隔 ; F1 [. H7 a% B' o* n5 G" d 1 G0 B. {# N: L4 k1 iRes中的另一可便之处是间隔(或插入)符号。实际上,这一符号相当于一个OR语句并代表|符号。下面的语句返回文件sample.txt中的“nerd” 和 “merd”的句柄:4 W7 r: R- q: c8 |